Health science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health science - Essay Example Repolarization: It is a case where neuron membrane potential returns to negative value, back to resting membrane potential. This is due to movement of positively charged K+ ions out of the cell which takes less than a second. Frontal lobe: It is the part of the lobe that controls important skills for humans, such as memory, emotions. Other responsibilities include primary motor function/ ability to consciously move our muscles and two key areas related to speech. Some of the things we say to our friends are misinterpreted where they come up with their own stories. Recently my co-worker requested me to accompany her to a dinner out of the city, which I declined with a good reason. The reason I declined the deal was because I was supposedly attending another concert, and being the organizer, I had to see that all went well throughout the event. Unfortunately we later met with the same colleague while in the company of another lady friend. Contrary to my expectations, the colleague assumed that I had turned down her deal for a better one. I was not in a position to explain what happened in that moment, but fortunately I did later. It is thus true that it is not what is intended, but what is perceived matters. A type 2 diabetes treatment for newly diabetic patients recently has grown in complexity. Some of the older therapies continue to be supplemented by the new ones. Emerging research compares effectiveness and safety while monitoring these patterns critically. Some of the emerging trends include new classes of devices adding and drugs, thus improving lives for type 2 diabetes patients. The condition can also be treated by learning how to exercise and chose the right diet. Doctors are becoming more vigilant in treating diabetes. The current medical expertise is helping type 2 diabetes patients to be diagnosed and treated earlier than they once did. These trends like new medications advanced eating habit and new drug research through available technology will

Closing Down the Oconomo Plant Essay Example for Free

Closing Down the Oconomo Plant Essay This plant is important to the society because it has created employment opportunities to local residents. However, the plant is in the verge of shut down. Jack Ripon , Chief Executive officer of Lamprey Inc. is concerned about higher cost of operation which has decreased profit for the company. The plan is to close down the Oconomo plant and establish a new plant in Mexico. Jack wants Jim Malesckowski, President of Wisconsin Speciality Products Division of Lamprey Inc. o find out about the operational costs of establishing a new plant in Mexico and submit the report to him. Jim thinks that the action to shut down the Oconomo plant might be wrong as long as there were chances to lower the costs. But he also thinks that Jack is right because all the avenues for decreasing costs at the plant have been closed. Besides money, there are other underlying factors that have led the management to bring some changes in the company. We will look at some of the forces that drive Oconomo plant to anticipate for change,changes that are required to be made, and the reasons why union leaders are reluctant to change. . What forces for change are evident at the Oconomo plant? The greatest force that drives the company to look for change is its high operational cost. The plant has so high operational costs that the company has been incurring losses instead of making profits. The management is anticipating changes so that the company will make profits in the future. In order for a company to run successfully, it should realize some returns from the investment made at the plant. Having invested in the company, shareholders also expect return for their investment. It is important for the company to make enough money for the satisfaction of shareholders and the existence of the company in the market. By any means, Lamprey Inc. should reduce its operational cost to withstand the fierce competition in the marketplace. For the compaby to make it in the market, it must change its working conditions so that they fit with the current market situations, (Daft Marcic,2010). Another force that is evident for the change at the Oconomo plant is the uncooperative labor union. Workers have been consistently refusing to cooperate with the management. The company is planning to reduce the amount of pay it’s going to provide to workers. In order to decrease the labor cost, the company is proposing changes but the union leaders have turned a deaf ear to the management’s plan . It’s a great problem when workers are unwilling to listen to the management for possible solution. The situation will get even worse when the workers are not ready to accept the desired change of the company. Competition in the marketplace is also prominent force that is evident for change in this case. Lately, competitors have threatened Lamprey Inc. from the services and products that they are providing to the society. It has been a challenge for the company to manufacture the quality products and beat the competitor’s price. While the competiton is being fierce in the marketplace, Lamprey Inc. has been struggling to sustain the operations. If the same situation persists, the company would not have a way to exist in the market. 2. What is the primary type of change needed—changing â€Å"things† or changing the â€Å"people and culture? Can the Wisconsin plant be saved by changing things alone, by changing people and culture, or must both be changed? Explain your answer. Primary type of change required in this case is changing people and their culture. If people and their attitudes can be changed, work environment will be comfortable and other changes are easy to implement. The attitude of employees especially that of union leaders is not right in the given case. They are disobedient to the management. As long as employees don’t have respect for management, it is hard to bring any other changes. People’s culture is of great significance in the way the company operates because if the culture or people fit in the objectives of the company, rest of things will work accordingly. In changing anything with respect to company, people and culture should be considered at first. If the people working in the company are unhappy with the change, the objectives of change might not be fulfilled. In this particular case, employees are scared of change and in fact don’t let management bring any changes. Such culture is detrimental to the company. Culture should be established in such a way that people are ready to accept the change and welcome the efforts of the management with open heart. Although changing people and their culture is a primary thing, changing things is also important and should be considered for quality and workable plans of the company. Lamprey Inc. needs to bring some change in the products to save its position in the market. If the products are of low quality, the market share of Lamprey Inc. will be directed towards the competitors. In this case, the company has not put enough effort to upgrade the quality of the products. If the same situation persists, it will not be able to face the competition in the industry because competitors are developing quality products at affordable price. A company can’t operate on just a single type of change. It’s important to put into consideration both changes when designing any type of change in the company. In order to change the products, the entire team of the company should be ready and thus change is required in people of the company. To meet the objectives of the desired strategy, the company should take consideration on both types of changes.

A Comparison of the Grendel of Beowulf and Gardners Grendel :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of the Grendel of Beowulf and Gardner's Grendel The novel Grendel by John Gardner portrays a significantly different picture of Grendel than the epic poem Beowulf paints. Grendel is a non-human being who posses human qualities. In either story it is not specified what type of being Grendel is, nor does it tell of what exactly Grendel looks like. The only idea the reader has of the sight of Grendel is the small hints either author gives. We know he stands on two feet as humans do, we know he is covered in hair, and we know he is monstrous. Although there are many significant differences between the two stories there is one idea that stands out the most when I read Grendel. That idea is in the poem Beowulf, Grendel is portrayed a large animalistic beast. This gives the reader the feeling that Grendel is solely driven by his animal instincts and does not posses the same thought processes as humans do. For example the line "the monster stepped on the bright paved floor, crazed with evil anger; from his strange eyes an ugly light shone out like fire" (Beowulf line 725), proves this point. In the novel however this point lacks development. Rather Grendel is portrayed as a confused creature passing through life looking for answers. Surprisingly Grendel walks the forest in harmony with the animals. He does not act like the blood hungry beast he is seen as in Beowulf. In the novel -- Grendel is walking the forest and comes across a doe. He notices that the doe is staring in fright and suddenly runs away. One would assume from the ideas hinted in Beowulf that Grendel would have attacked the deer. However Grendel appears upset with the deer's actions. He says; " Blind Prejudice" (Gardner 7) "Ah, the unfairness of everything, I say and shake my head. It is a matter of fact that I have never killed a deer in all my life, and never will." (Gardner 8) Grendel is a confused creature. Since he walks alone he has more than enough time to think about his life. He always used to ask his mother " why are we here" (Gardner 11) the only way he realized the truth was from

Financial Accounting Exxon Shell Case Essay

Objective: Understanding the effect of inventory valuation assumptions on financial statements. Assignment summary: You are taking the role of a security analyst who recently started following the Oil and Gas industry. The analyst has a task to draw a comparison of several financial indicators for two industry leaders: Exxon Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell, based on their income statements and balance sheets (attached at the end of this document) as well as the information from the notes to the financial statements summarized below. The two companies appear to be quite similar and are similar in size based on total assets. A private investor notes, however, that some financial ratios appear to be different. Your task is to guide an investor through the basic steps that will help them understand the effect of inventory valuation assumptions on the financial ratios. The following information is based on Exxon’s and Shell’s 2011 Annual Reports. Exxon Mobil Background information. Exxon Mobil Corporation was incorporated in the State of New Jersey in 1882. Divisions and affiliated companies of ExxonMobil operate or market products in the United States and most other countries of the world. Their principal business is energy, involving exploration for, and production of, crude oil and natural gas, manufacture of petroleum products and transportation and sale of crude oil, natural gas, and petroleum products. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Inventories. Crude oil, products, and merchandise inventories are carried at the lower of current market value or cost (generally determined under the last-in, first-out method – LIFO). Inventory costs include expenditures and other charges (including depreciation) directly and indirectly incurred in bringing the inventory to its existing condition and location. Selling expenses and general and administrative expenses are reported as period costs and excluded from inventory cost. Inventories of materials and supplies are valued at cost or less (i.e., lower of cost or market). The aggregate replacement cost of inventories was estimated to exceed their LIFO carrying values by $25.6 billion and $21.3 billion at December 31, 2011, and 2010, respectively (Convert LIFO to FIFO).

Ford Motor Company: Supply Chain Strategy Case

Ford Motor Company, incorporated in 190 by Mr. Henry Ford, is one of the largest vehicle markers in the world today. This company employees more than 360,000 employees and has produced more than 260 million vehicles over its history. Since the 1970s, the auto industry has evolved from an industry with only a few large companies to one in which competition has become tough. Instead of two main competitors, Ford now faces foreign automakers in the marketplace. With the increased competition, car dealers are seeing more cars sit on lots for a longer period of time and are now offering a variety of incentives to get people to buy these products. Diagnosis In 1995, the CEO of Ford established an initiative called Ford 2000 in an effort to reduce costs and become more market competitive. This new initiative encompassed all of Ford's activities, such as product development, manufacture and marketing. Most of these projects were based around IT improvements. These improvements were done as an effort to bring Ford closer to all aspects of their supply chain, from their supplier to their customers. In 1998, Ford also opened the first of its Ford Retail Networks. This project was started to help the dealers compete with the real competition, such as GM and Chrysler instead of each other. It also brought Ford closer to the end customer. This Ford 2000 project was a major undertaking, but what is helping the company as a whole? Well, in 1998, the Ford 2000 initiative had raised Ford's profits, return on sales, and had made the company the industry leader in profit per vehicle. Ford had been named the most improved automaker in 1997 by JD Power Initial Quality Study and had become the world leader in trucks. They were making progress, but where still burdened with large inventories. Ford's Director of Supply Chain Systems began to research what Ford could do to decrease these inventories to become the industry leader and to increase shareholder wealth. She did some research into Dell Computers. This company was enjoying 55% per year growth at the time that Ford's growth was steady at about 6% a year. They were also seeing a 133% growth of their stocks while Ford was seeing at 33.4% growth. Dell had adopted a virtual integration business model. Within this model Dell uses the Internet for almost all business activities. Customers place an order specifying exactly what they want. This can be done over the Internet or over the phone. Dell then places an order for the components of this machine over an Internet based JIT ordering system. The parts are received assembled and shipped to the customer within 5-6 days. After much research, the director tried to determined if this same system could be used for Ford Motor Company. Analysis The Director found that there would be several challenges if they were going to implement this type of virtual integration system. First, Ford Motor Company is more than 100 years old whereas Dell was opened in 1984. Since the company is so old and has been doing business the same way for a long period of time, it will be harder to implement a large change such as virtual integration. For example, Ford's procurement process is not where it needs to be if the company is going to virtually integrate. Ford currently has a very large number of suppliers. Procurement personnel are highly involved with every aspect of the supplier relationship, while Dell uses a JIT ordering system. Ford's manual process is more apt to errors than an electronic process would be, but the procurement department has been so powerful for so long that it may be hard to convince those working in this department that this change will be beneficial. The implementation of an electronic ordering system could put some of these employees out of a job. These employees are also choosing suppliers on the basis of cost only. If Ford was going to implement a virtual integration system, procurement professionals would have to take other aspects into account, such as delivery time and willingness to partner. If Ford was going to implement an electronic system for ordering, they would also face some challenges while establishing Internet links with their suppliers. First, they would have to choose whom they would want to partner with in this fashion. Then they would have to determine if these suppliers have information technology systems that would support an Internet based communication system. Currently Ford has started to develop this type of system with their â€Å"tier one† suppliers who are their most advanced and largest suppliers. If they were to extend the electronic ordering to other suppliers who did not have the technology to support this type of system, Ford would be forced to decide if they would want to help their suppliers develop or acquire the technology needed for this interaction. Other issues such as what type of information would be shared and the security system they would use to make sure only those with the need to know would have access to this information would have to be addressed as well. Another challenge Ford Motor Company would face when trying to implement a virtual integration model like Dells is there are some major differences between the computer and automotive industries. An automobile is a more complex product and includes many more parts than a computer. If Ford were going to implement a virtual integration model they would have to manage a larger number of component parts suppliers than Dell is managing, which would add costs. Ford, if moving towards virtual integration, must also address their network of privately owned dealerships. Dell's model of virtual integration includes no dealers or retailers. If Ford were to adopt complete virtual integration, they would technically not have dealers. Having no dealers would not be possible for Ford. These dealerships are franchises that are owned legally by individuals. Also a person that is going to buy a car may not be receptive to ordering one off the Internet. Most people test-drive an automobile before they buy, which could not be done if cars were ordered strictly from the manufacturer. If Ford did not offer test-drives and other companies such as GM did, Ford would have a large disadvantage. Conclusion In order to implement the type of virtual integration model that Dell currently employs, Ford would have to overcome some obstacles. These obstacles come from every aspect of their current supply chain. They would have to partner with suppliers and provide these suppliers the infrastructure and training they would need in order to communicate over the Internet. They would also have to change the way their dealers worked with customers. Since most customers would not accept buying a car directly off the Internet, Ford would have to implement other methods of changing this aspect of their supply chain. Recommendations Although there are several differences between Ford and Dell, I do recommend that Ford implement some of Dell's virtual integration model. I recommend that they set-up an extranet, or extend their current system so that they may use JIT ordering with their suppliers. They could use some sort of incentive plan to encourage their supplier to invest in their technology systems so that they would be able to use this extranet for accepting orders. The amount of money Ford would save from the direct link they would have to their suppliers should supplement the investment they would have to make in developing an extranet. I also recommend that Ford make some changes in the way they interact with their customers. Ford could set-up some type of virtual showroom. This may encourage more customers to order direct from Ford instead of going to a dealer. They could also create an intranet, or enhance their current intranet, in which dealers could check the stock of other dealers for the vehicle a customer is looking for. If they could have this vehicle shipped from one dealer to the other it would not only reduce dealer inventory, but would also please the customer since the lead-time for them receiving their new vehicle would be reduced. Although Ford may never be able to virtually integrate to the extent that Dell has, the company will be able to see cost savings from their integration efforts. Ford should be able to reduce dealer inventories and should be able to move towards a pull strategy of manufacture if they implement these changes.

3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension

3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension 3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension 3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, the statement’s wording or syntax problematically interferes with reader comprehension. Discussion and revision of each example points the way to a clear solution. 1. He exchanged greetings with leaders from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. This sentence implies that Afghanistan and Zimbabwe are names of leaders, because the writer is trying to use from both on its own and as part of a â€Å"from . . . to† range. For the statement to make sense, the category of which the two names are examples must be specified, preceded by a preposition linking leaders with that word: â€Å"He exchanged greetings with leaders of countries ranging from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe.† 2. Focusing on H1-B visa reform has caught the technology industry’s attention, which has long argued that it must attract the best and most qualified workers to compete in the global marketplace.   Here, the attention of the technology industry, rather than the industry itself, is said to have argued a proposition. To properly identify who or what is doing the arguing, that entity must be mentioned immediately before the subordinate clause, as shown here: â€Å"Focusing on H1-B visa reform has caught the attention of the technology industry, which has long argued that it must attract the best and most qualified workers to compete in the global marketplace.† 3. Companies should follow a common privacy framework such as the federal Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Privacy and Security Framework for Electronic Exchange of Individually Identifiable Health Information. Take care not to overwhelm the reader with excessively long, complex strings of words in proper names. Here, a standard developed by a federal agency is treated as if the agency’s name is part of the standard’s designation. A simple (but scarcely more effective) solution is to use the possessive form of the agency’s name. Better yet, treat the connection of the agency’s name to the standard as a subordinate clause: â€Å"Companies should follow a common privacy framework such as the Privacy and Security Framework for Electronic Exchange of Individually Identifiable Health Information, a standard developed by the federal Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†Precedent vs. PrecedenceFew vs. Several

Colonial Ideologies of American Society essays

Colonial Ideologies of American Society essays One of the central and most enduing foundational ideologies in American culture is that of freedom, democracy and equality. The ideal and ideology of freedom from oppression and coercion began with the very founding of America in the fight for freedom from the colonial and territorial domination of the British. This historical experience has been a driving force within the American experience for the very beginning. However, the history of American ideology, like any nation and culture, is complex and often reveals opposing views and ideologies that are in conflict with one another. There is also a more conservative life-view and ideology that is part of the American cultural fabric. This ideological strand is essentially opposed to change and rejects diversity and the freedom and equality of all. This life-view is evident in the racist part of American history and in the history of the fight for civil rights and gender as well as class equality. Therefore American culture is characterized by two main and often contradictory ideologies that interact in a complex way and which have resulted in the intricate and intertwined historical experience of America. Many critics and commentators are of the opinion that the most pervasive ideology that has most characterized the American view of life is the idea that the country is a melting pot of peoples and cultures, which emphasizes the individuals right to freedom and equality under the law. This view relates to the early history of the country and the fact that much of the of the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country was as a result of immigration. As the main character in Israel Zangwill's 1908 play, The Melting-Pot says, America is God's Crucible, where all the races of Europe are melting and reforming....Germans, Frenchmen, Irishmen and Englishmen, Jews and Russiansinto the Crucible with you all! God is making the American." ( Grestle G.) Thes...

The Magic LinkedIn® Formula

The Magic LinkedIn ® Formula My e-book, How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn ® Profile, enumerates 18 â€Å"Mistakes to Avoid† as well as 7 â€Å"Bonus Tips.† That’s a total of 25 items that I think are important for every LinkedIn ® user to understand and implement (actually more than 25, since many of the chapters have subpoints as well). Nevertheless, on Wednesday I will be giving a presentation at American Family Insurance’s DreamBank on â€Å"Top Five LinkedIn ® Mistakes.† Not 25, but 5. It’s not easy to choose the top five, but I managed to do it. Not only that, but I even narrowed it down to three general categories. I call this my â€Å"Magic LinkedIn ® Formula† and even if you’re unable to attend my presentation live on Wednesday, you can benefit from the formula. Success on LinkedIn ® comes down to what I have dubbed the â€Å"3 Ls† (not to be confused with the class of students in their third year of law school): Locatability Likeability ALiveness 1. Locatability If no one finds you on LinkedIn ®, there’s not much point in having a profile. Unless you are in a rare situation where you prefer not to appear in LinkedIn ® searches, easy locatability means you will get in front of the people searching for someone like you. For job seekers and business owners, being found by a target audience is one big key to success. Increasing your locatability entails two main actions: 1) putting the right keywords in the right places, and 2) growing your network aggressively and appropriately to at least 500 connections. A combination of well-placed keywords and a robust network is a winning LinkedIn ® strategy. 2. Likeability Just because someone finds you on LinkedIn ® doesn’t mean that person will contact you. If your profile is sloppy, incomplete, unfocused, or off target, you will probably be skipped over for someone with a better presentation. If, however, people like what they see, they will be more likely to request a connection or conversation. Likeability means sounding like a human being and not a robot; listing accomplishments without bragging; having an attractive photo and format; and putting your personality onto the page. The more you distinguish yourself as unique, the more you will encourage valuable interaction. 3. ALiveness I like to say that having a LinkedIn ® profile is like having a gym membership. You only get value from it if you do the work! Sitting on your butt will not get you 6-pack abs †¦ or a new client or job through LinkedIn ®. Aliveness on LinkedIn ® includes but is not limited to updating your profile, participating in groups, sharing valuable information, engaging in discussions, and taking relationships off line to the phone or even a coffee shop! That’s my Magic LinkedIn ® Formula: Locatability, Likeability and ALiveness! Are you using it? If you already are doing everything listed above, great- you are a power LinkedIn ® user. In that case, I recommend that you dive more deeply into How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn ® Profile for the fine points that will bring your LinkedIn ® success up even another level. I’ll have time for QA at my DreamBank presentation on Wednesday, and you get to participate too. What burning questions can I answer about my Magic LinkedIn ® Formula and your LinkedIn ® profile challenges?

A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Good Man is Hard to Find - Essay Example He was demanding respect because he thought that he was almost a man and should be respected irrespective. The story of â€Å"A Good Man is Hard To Find† speaks ironically of how hard it was to find a good man. The irony comes out clearly from the start to the end of the story. The grandmother is trying to draw the son’s attention about why they should not go to Florida as usual but should change to east Tennessee. She was reading a journal about the man â€Å"Misfit† and the harm he was causing. According to the report â€Å"Misfit† was headed to Florida that same day. She had thought it would be a good idea to let her son read the article as well. Bailey instead ignored his mother and did not even care to look at the article. Later, as they travel to Florida, they get an accident and the â€Å"Misfit† comes across them. He kills the whole family just like he does. The two stories, â€Å"A man who was almost a man† and â€Å"A good man is hard to find† both reveal the character of the two men in question. They were big headed and disobedience. Dave did not listen to his mother that he should not get a gun. Instead, he thought that a gun would protect his title –almost a man. In his quest to protect his image, he killed Jenny. Bailey on the other hand, could not listen to his mother. Even when she spoke, Bailey kept ignoring her. He thought that now he was a grown man and did not need his mother’s advice. In the end, the whole family perished under â€Å"Misfit’s† hands. Their deaths would have been avoided had Bailey listened to his mother and read the article prior to their departure from their

HBC Atlantic Computer Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HBC Atlantic Computer - Case Study Example Jowers must empower the Cardena’s hardware oriented sales force with relevant information regarding the importance of PESA software so that they can use this differentiating element as their major sales principles to convince their customers. For example, DayTraderJournal.com would need at least 4 Ontario server costing overall $11656 [(basic price of $1700 + $1214 cost per server)*4]. Thus, by buying Atlantic package, company would be saving around 50% of the initial expenses on servers and $3642 of annual recurring cost on 3 servers every year. The target market would react favorably because they would be hugely saving on not only the servers but also the annual expenditures incurred on running the servers. The Atlantic bundle is cost saving because it does the work of 4 Ontario servers, thereby saving extra cost on 3 servers. Moreover, the customers would also be enjoying the exemplary after sales services of Atlantic for which it has already established market

Drug Use and Abuse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Drug Use and Abuse - Assignment Example What changes in a family might discourage drug abuse?The family is the basic unit in the society and shapes the behaviour of the individual. A family that exposes the students to vices such as violence and exposure to drugs promotes drug abuse. The presence of drugs in the house will tempt students to use drugs.Families should encourage dialogue to ensure that children do not turn to drugs as a way to relieve stress. Drugs such as alcohol and cigarettes should be kept away from the students. The parents should avoid arguing when the children are around. Exposing the children to violence should be avoided (Maisto, Galizio, and Connors 423).  3. Adolescents can be a challenging group to teach. Why might this group of students be disposed to experiment with drugs? Adolescence is the stage between childhood and adulthood. This group is a challenging group to teach because it is characterized by the need for independence. Adolescents are prone to experiment with drugs compared to other groups. Educating the adolescence the impacts of drug abuse is important in the battle against drugs. Peer pressure is one of the reasons that lead to drug abuse by adolescents. Stability in the family also exposes the group to drugs. The availability of drugs and a culture that accepts drug use puts the adolescents at risk of drug abuse. Academic pressure may also lead to drug abuse by the group. Alcohol is a legal drug that is abused by students due to its availability and cost. Alcohol enters the body orally or through the mouth.

Tax Havens or Offshore Financial Centre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tax Havens or Offshore Financial Centre - Essay Example in Europe, Hong Kong and Singapore in Asia, and various Caribbean island nations in the Americas.† (2004: p 2) The study makes a comparative analysis of the tax haven regions with heavy tax zones to project the differences economies examine in respect of laving taxes on the companies and firms. The present study has also been supported by the literature relevant to the topic of the research. The research also contains theoretical framework in its fold that is helpful in elucidating the topic under study. Different economies of the world at large have offered a variety of incentives to the corporations, organisations, and firms so that investment can be made within their economic set up, and economy could observe an imperative boost in the state of perfect competition created all over the globe in the aftermath of globalisation. The UK, USA, the UAE and other countries have established offshore centres for the local, national and multinational firms and brands, where the firms of sound reputation are offered considerable concessions in taxes and tolls, which encourages more and more firms make investment under rules and regulations designed by the governments for the offshore centres. â€Å"According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development†, Almeida submits, â€Å"international tax competition is lowering tax rates and making government expenditure more efficient worldwide.† (2004: p 2) Though tax havens do not exist in China and Germany in their t rue definition, yet there exist several low tax authorities in many countries of the world. These include Italy, the USA, Canada, China, Germany, France, Australia and others. â€Å"About a quarter of US and UK FDI†, Dharmapala notices, â€Å"is located in tax havens. By way of comparison, tax havens are home to only 0.7 per cent of the worlds population when havens are defined as in DH (2006), or just 0.2 per cent when using the OECD definition.† (2008: p 4) Since low tax rates leave indelible

Textbook chapter summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Textbook chapter summary - Assignment Example If a party breaks a rule or goes against the contract then a legal action is taken against it and the effected party is provided with the remedies. These remedies are designed to compensate the damage or loss the party has bore. Both the parties should pursue these aspects of obligations and remedies formulated by the law, while making a contract. The main obligation of the contract is the tender of delivery according to which the lessee is bound to deliver the goods according to the contract. The time should be flexible for the delivery. A perfect tender rule is where the buyer is allowed to reject or accept the whole shipment or a part of it within a reasonable time. The buyer or lessee has a right to withhold the delivery or the payment if anyone of them is breaching the contract or the payment is not made in due time. Both can reclaim the supplies if needed according to some specific situations. Both have the right to recover the purchase price or the damages under specific condi tions. In case of lost or missing goods the lessee could sue for the recovery of lost profit. In chapter 19 the warranties and product liabilities and its implications are being discussed. A warranty made by the seller confirms the liability and the standard of his product. If it’s a food product then the warranty implies that the food is good for human consumption and the law implies it. The chapter talks about the language that should be used in order to claim the warranty or the product liability and the terms in which the claim is applicable. A noticeable point raised in the chapter is the fact that manufacturer’s responsibility of providing quality products to the customers does not end after distributing the product to retailers and wholesalers. Instead, manufacturers should monitor the selling technique of the retailers and wholesalers and ensure

Make a summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Make a summary - Essay Example She narrates how even after a long time writing she would feel empty even after doing research (1). She used would struggle writing, cancel even what seemed sensible at first until when she would decide to write anything after which she would come up with a good write-up. Peter Elbow asserts that the most effective way to improve one’s writing is by doing ‘free writing’ which he explains as the art of writing anything that comes into one’s mind for given period of time a day at least thrice a week nonstop. Though seemingly crazy he says, free writing allows one avoid the extensive editing that writing allows. He challenges readers to consider the many times they have made great speeches even when they had started the speech so poorly. He asserts that this is the principle to powerful writing. He further says that seeking to have a perfectly knitted write up right at the beginning of writing is preparing to kill any possibility of becoming a writer leave alone a great one as it would make one give up on writing The idea brought about by both Elbow and Lamott are a bit new to many of us including me as we have gone through an education system that discourages it as learners are coerced into accepting the existing content without questioning. My experience of trying to use the method in writing school assignments never bore considerable positive fruits. Both Lamott and Elbow agree that the secret to becoming a great writer is simply writing what comes to one’s mind without considerations of whether it is what one wants the readers to see and then editing later. However Lamott unlike Elbow seems to encourage writers to not just write anything about anything but rather to make a coherent line of thoughts. On the other hand, Elbow allows one to write anything including repeating the same word so long as one does not stop writing within the time set for writing. I absolutely agree with the

Textbook chapter summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Textbook chapter summary - Assignment Example If a party breaks a rule or goes against the contract then a legal action is taken against it and the effected party is provided with the remedies. These remedies are designed to compensate the damage or loss the party has bore. Both the parties should pursue these aspects of obligations and remedies formulated by the law, while making a contract. The main obligation of the contract is the tender of delivery according to which the lessee is bound to deliver the goods according to the contract. The time should be flexible for the delivery. A perfect tender rule is where the buyer is allowed to reject or accept the whole shipment or a part of it within a reasonable time. The buyer or lessee has a right to withhold the delivery or the payment if anyone of them is breaching the contract or the payment is not made in due time. Both can reclaim the supplies if needed according to some specific situations. Both have the right to recover the purchase price or the damages under specific condi tions. In case of lost or missing goods the lessee could sue for the recovery of lost profit. In chapter 19 the warranties and product liabilities and its implications are being discussed. A warranty made by the seller confirms the liability and the standard of his product. If it’s a food product then the warranty implies that the food is good for human consumption and the law implies it. The chapter talks about the language that should be used in order to claim the warranty or the product liability and the terms in which the claim is applicable. A noticeable point raised in the chapter is the fact that manufacturer’s responsibility of providing quality products to the customers does not end after distributing the product to retailers and wholesalers. Instead, manufacturers should monitor the selling technique of the retailers and wholesalers and ensure

PepsiCo Team-Board of Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PepsiCo Team-Board of Governance - Essay Example The board of directors is tasked with the responsibility of overseeing the activities of a company. The activities of the board of directors are only delegated powers that are outside the organization itself, which have authority given to it by the bylaws of the organization (Malline 82). The board often faces challenges, and at this team company’s board, the most crucial governance issue is the compliance of public policy issues. There are countless issues that are put across that try and restrict the movement and actions of the board, which tries as much as possible to comply with these policies. In this firm’s case, by bringing in public persons, there is a chance for the organization to find a clear-cut channel to address the compliance of certain policies. It also creates transparency that the firm really needs. Conscious capitalism is what may be used to refer to the philanthropic activities that a firm is willing to undertake (Malline 87). This is in order to help the surrounding external environment benefit and also assist the firm benefit. The firm often participates in different sports activities for some of the different organizations that exist in the area. This is often done as a means to have donations for the groups involved, and also build awareness for the group in question. The skills and capabilities that the firm boasts of make it possible to have different activities in different areas, which also help in fostering exceptional relations between the firm and the people in the external environment.

The Effects of Social Networking Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Social Networking Essay A social network is a theoretical construct useful in the social sciences to study relationships between individuals, groups, organizations, or even entire societies (social units, see differentiation). The term is used to describe a social structure determined by such interactions. The ties through which any given social unit connects represent the convergence of the various social contacts of that unit. This theoretical approach is, necessarily, relational†¦(Wikipedia, pars.3). In the late 1800s, both Émile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies foreshadow the idea of social networks in their theories and research of social groups. Tà ¶nnies argued that social groups can exist as personal and direct social ties that either link individuals who share values and belief (Gemeinschaft, German, commonly translated as community) or impersonal, formal, and instrumental social links (Gesellschaft, German, commonly translated as society)( Wikipedia, pars.4). Major developments in the field can be seen in the 1930s by several groups in psychology, anthropology, and mathematics working independently (Wikipedia, pars.5). Communication Studies are often considered a part of both the social sciences and the humanities, drawing heavily on fields such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, information science,biology, political science, and economics as well as rhetoric, literary studies, and semiotics. Many communications concepts describe the transfer of information from one source to another, and can thus be conceived of in terms of a network (Wikipedia, pars.26). Social Networking is the practice of expanding one’s social contacts by making connections through individuals. Social media has changed the way people interact (Frazier, pars.1). Although it is possible in person, it is most popular online, with the use of the internet. The internet is filled of billions of individuals who are looking to meet new people, to gather or  share informations, they even use it in their businesses. Social Networking isn’t new at all, But, it keeps on expanding. From Friendster, one of the first Social Networking website in the World Wide Web, to Facebook, which is still popular now. Twitter, Google, Tumblr, Youtube are in Social Networking and everyone will keep finding more ways to use it. â€Å"In general, here’s how it works: you join one of the sites and invite people you know to join as well. Social networks are everywhere. Friends, colleagues, neighbours[sic] and family make up most people’s network of social contacts, and they have a powerful effect on our behaviour[sic] (COIN PIRC) . Those people invite their contacts to join, who in turn to invite their contacts to join, and the process repeats for each person. In theory, any individual can make contact through anyone they have a connection to, to any of the people that person has a connection to, and so on.† Social networking sites now reach 82 percent of the world’s online population, representing 1.2 billion users around the world. The social networking adoption trend largely mirrored the global Internet adoption curve, and grew proportionately, showing that as people began to get connected, they immediately began connecting with one another(). We are aware of the use of Social Networking. We use it as a tool of communication nowadays. It can be very useful to get in touch with people who you know in person. With Social Networking, we can express ourselves in ways we never dreamed of doing face to face. We don’t have to leave the house to purchase products. We don’t need to buy books because there’s a lot of source material in the Internet. We can make friends with people in different countries. We have a lot to do with it. If we’re aware of its uses, we should be aware of the dangers and harm associated with Social Networking. It includes online predators or what they call â€Å"posers†, theft and viruses. We should be aware of its effects on ourselves especially in our habits, routine and in our behavior. In how we manage our time spending in Social Networking because sometimes we’re abusing it. We have limitation, you must know it. Because we never know, it already destroyed you. We are the product of our environment. In Social Networking, many will influence you. In addition, Our own behavior, actions  and habits are likely to be more largely influenced and impacted by Social Networking. â€Å"Social Networking is one of the most active web-based activities in the Philippines†. Filipinos we’re declared as the most active users of the web-based social network sites. The Philippines has been marked as â€Å"The Social Networking Capital of the world†. Filipinos are very expressive with their thoughts or opinions. Sometimes, they’re abusing the use of Social Networking. Because of that, there are some laws or acts that the Philippines implemented. The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, which is officially recorded as Republic Act No. 10175, it aims to address legal issues concerning online interactions and the internet in the Philippines. Cybercrime offenses include Cyber squatting, Cybersex, child pornography, identity theft, illegal access to data and libel. The Senate Bill No. 1798 by Senator Compaà ±era Pia S. Cayetano, which is an act stating the prohibition of Computer Shops from accepting students in their shops during school hours. There’s also a legal bases regarding the distance of Internet Cafà © from school in the City of Manila. It is the Ordinance No. 8168 provided for 25 to 200 meters distance between a school gate to the nearest gaming i-Cafà ©. While, the non-gaming Cafà ©s are allowed any distance from school gate or even inside the school. As a Computer Science student, we are engaged in computer, especially in Social Networking. We’re glad with what Social Networking’s uses. It gives us a lot of benefits. We get updated. But, we observe some changes in some individual. We didn’t like the fact that Social Networking has effect in other individual’s behavior. We want to solve the Why and How questions` in our heads. What are the factors causing these problems? This thesis will explore and find out if Social Networking has an effect on the behavior of some Computer Science freshmen students in PUP Mabini Campus. This aims to know the activities, sites that are affecting the behavior and how Social Networking changed their behavior. The statement of the Problem The aim of this research is to find out the effects of social networking on the behavior of BSCS freshmen in PUP Mabini Campus S.Y. 2012-2013. Further, it answers the following specific questions. 1. Does Social Networking have an effect on the behavior of BSCS freshmen of PUP? 2. What Social networking site/s do the respondents frequently use? 3. What activities in Social Network do the respondents usually engage themselves in? 4. What activities on Social Networking change the behavior of the respondents? 5. How has social networking changed the behavior of the respondents? 6. What behavioral changes do the respondents experience in their social networking? Scope and Limitation This study is about the effects of Social Networking on the behavior only in Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Freshmen in College of Computer Management and Information Technology at Polytechnic University of the Philippines Mabini Campus School year 2012-2013. The study didnt covered other related issues to the effects of Social Networking like class standing of a student or effects of it on the physical health and etc. Its only conducted on Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Freshmen not on higher years, other colleges and before and after the School year 2012-2013 Definition of terms Social Networking The development of social and professional contacts;the sharing of information and services among people with a common interest.(Dictionary.com) Cybercrime Any use of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends, such as committing fraud, trafficking in child pornography and intellectual property, stealing identities, or violating privacy. Cybercrime, especially through the Internet, has grown in importance as the computer has become  central to commerce, entertainment, and government. (Webster) Cybersex Cybersex, also called computer sex, Internet sex, netsex, mudsex, TinySex and, colloquially, cybering or conversex is a virtual sex encounter in which two or more persons connected remotely via computer network send each other sexually explicit messages describing a sexual experience. In one form, this fantasy sex is accomplished by the participants describing their actions and responding to their chat partners in a mostly written form designed to stimulate their own sexual feelings and fantasies.(Wikipedia) Facebook-is a social networking service launched in February 2004, owned and operated by Facebook, Inc. As of September 2012, Facebook has over one billion active users,more than half of them using Facebook on a mobile device.(Wikipedia) Twitter- Twitter is an online social networking service and microblogging service that enables its users to send and read text-based messages of up to 140 characters, known as tweets. It was created in March 2006 by jack Dorsey and launched that July.(wikipedia) Friendster- is a social gaming site that is based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was previously known as a social networking website. Before the site was redesigned, the service allowed users to contact other members, maintain those contacts, and share online content and media with those contacts. Research Methodology Research Design The descriptive method of research was used for this study. To define the descriptive type of research, Creswell (1994) stated that the descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. This study were the activities of respondents in Social Networking and the effects of these activities. Respondents The target population consisting of 30 students in Computer Science freshmen. There are 5 section in Computer Science 1st year; hence the respondents will be 6 students per section. Research Instrument The survey questionnaire was used as the main data-gathering instrument for this study. It is an interview, where in the researchers prepared a list of questions to be answered by the BSCS freshmen students. Other data was based on the researchers observation. Data-Gathering procedure The information was gathered from the 6 freshmen students per section of Computer Science department of PUP Mabini Campus who were surveyed by the researchers. The researchers conducted a survey on separate date and time of interview and it is recorded individually.

Concept of primary health care in Nigeria

Concept of primary health care in Nigeria Introduction The concept of primary health care (PHC) was formulated by the 134 countries that met at the Alma-Ata conference in Russia on September 12, 1978 which was organized by the World Health Organization. Primary health care is a part of the three-tier system of health care in Nigeria. These are the tertiary health care, which the federal government is in charge; the secondary health care, under the auspices of the state government and the primary health care, controlled by the local governments. In the late 1980s there was a national initiative to overhaul the primary health care system through the adoption of a new national health policy, in the context of which the federal and state governments issued directives giving local government areas full jurisdiction over the delivery of primary health care services.1, 2 The local Government, the State Government and the Federal Government respectively are responsible for all financial aspects, including personnel costs, consumables, running co sts and capital investment. The Federal government through the federal ministry of health sets overall policy goals, co-ordinates activities, ensures quality, training and implements sector programmes. â€Å"Primary health care according to the world health organization means essential health care based on practical scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology, made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost which the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self reliance and self determination. It is the first level contact of the individual and community in the national health system, thus bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work and contribute the first element of a continuing health care process†.3 It is essentially aimed to promote health, to cure diseases and to rehabilitate. Nigeria is one of the few countries in the developing world to have systematically decentralized the delivery of basic health and education services to locally elected governments.4 BACKGROUND: Nigeria has an enormous population of around 120 million in 20035, with a growth rate of about 2.9% per annum. It is hailed as the giant of Africa and yet ranked among the poorest nations of the world.6 The management of the health sector has been poor and this has affected the quality of services to the general populace. Although Nigeria has an extensive national health infrastructure, it lacks the resources needed to function effectively Nigeria is now decentralizing its health system and clarifying the responsibilities and services at each level, which should result in better management and coordination. In addition, its health policy has been guided by the Bamako initiative to encourage and sustain community participation in primary health care services.7 The evidence base for primary care orientated health care system Primary care that is, care from the viewpoint of the doctors who has been in contact exclusively to the patients appearing for care- has apparent limitation. From the evidence given by the World Bank table and world health report 2000. It shows that Nigeria is one of the very poor countries. It has a clear symptom of imbalance between resources in poor performance, deteriorating facilities and low working moral among staff. There a high mortality rate in child and adult. The structures of the economy have fallen from 2004, raised a little bit in 2005 and remain constant between 2006 and 2007. This shows that due to lack of adequate resources in will affect the orientation of the health care system. The development of primary care in Nigeria An effective primary care system is critical for any country, developed or developing, to maximize outcomes and minimize costs.8, 9 Accurate and relevant data gathering and information processing are necessary for any field of endeavour whether in health care or any other field. It has long been recognized that clinical issues in primary care in Nigeria are different from those in other types of care. For example, the predictive values of symptoms may be quite different in different settings and clinical evidence derived from other settings may have limited applicability to primary health care and delivery. This is due not only to differences in the prevalence of specific diseases, but also to the fact that patients in primary care have many problems and the clinician must prioritize the diagnosis and management of all of these together over time, often in a setting where continuity of care plays a crucial role.10 Primary care is the backbone of Nigeria health system. Primary care plays a vital role in deployment of all resources through appropriate channels in promoting, maintaining as well as improving health. All these confirm the definition of primary health care which states that â€Å"essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, as well as socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them and at a cost that community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in a spirit of self-reliance and self determination. It forms an integral part of both the countrys health system of which it is the central function and the main focus of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and the community with the national health system, bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process†11. This implies that patients or individuals have a direct access to the appropriate source of care. It equally shows that it deals more with common and well defined problem in a community setting as well as affordable. Though, the development if primary care in Nigeria has improved immensely but it still shows some major defects. Reasons for the current status of primary care within the health care system The coverage is inadequate: it is estimated that 54% of the population have access to the modern health care services. The rural communities and the urban poor are not well served due to inadequate staff and infrastructure. Lack of basic health data is a major constraint at all stages of planning, monitoring and evaluation of health services. The basic infrastructure and logistic supports are often defective owing to inadequate buildings maintenance, medical equipment and vehicles and unreliable supply water and electricity also poor management of medicines, vaccines and other supplies system. The financial resources allocated to the primary care services, especially to some priority areas are inadequate to permit them to function effectively. Distribution of resources in Nigeria: The Federal and State Government allocate 15% of the state budget to health services. Within the available resources, high priority shall be accorded to primary health care with particular reference to the less privilege areas and groups. Community and financial sector resources shall be mobilized in the spirit of self help and self reliance. How the resource should be used in future: In the light of importance of health in socio-economic development: all the governments of the federation should review their financial allocation to health in relation to the requirements of other sectors of the economy. High priority programmes for primary health care should have the first consideration on any additional resources that may be available Within the health care system, effort should be made to redistribute the financial allocation among health promotion, preventive and curative health care services. This is to ensure that adequate emphasis and awareness are placed on health promotion and preventive services without comprising curative health services Governments of the federation should explore additional avenues for financing the health care system especially health insurance schemes and health development levies. The users should pay for curative services while the preventive services should be subsidized. Governments of the federation shall encourage employers of labour and the financial sectors to participate in the financing health care services. Workforce and resource issues in Nigeria: The workforce and resources issues have been a theme of discussion in the country. Earlier health services was focused primarily in the urban areas, this made them to be experiencing adequate health care delivery than rural areas. Even though health institutions such as leprosaria and dispensaries had been established for rural areas, these did not cater for the communities outside their immediate zones. The problem is that rural people were effectively overlooked in health care delivery, since the existing institutions were inaccessible to them due to cost and logistic constraints. Another basic problem is the inadequate staff situation to meet the needs of the country. But after training the staff most of them get a job in urban area where they are paid more. Quality of care issues in Nigeria: Quality of care varies among patients, politicians, managers, clinicians and other actors within the health care system12. She stressed that quality occurs when good decisions regarding care are made so that resource are utilized effectively and better health outcomes are produced. Quality of health care is a multidimensional and multifaceted concept interwoven with value judgements about what constitutes good quality13. There have been several definitions of quality of health care. â€Å"Quality of care is the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge†14. Accessibility: assess to hospitals or medical centres from the rural areas can be problematic from the patients due to geographical or financial barriers. In some rural areas there are little infrastructure for primary care but there are no qualified doctors. This is due to the fact that most of the doctors are aboard or in the city trying to earn comfortable and decent living. Comprehensiveness: Nigeria health system can be categorized into the Public and the Private health services. The public health sector is further divided structurally into the Primary Health Care (PHC), Secondary Health Care (SHC) and the Tertiary Heath Care (THC). Though, World Health Organisation (1978) suggests that in order for primary care to be comprehensive, all development- oriented activities should be interrelated and balanced so as to focus on problems of the highest priority as mutually perceived by the community and the health system, and that culturally acceptable, technically appropriate, manageable and appropriately selected interventions should be implemented in combinations that meet local needs. This implies that single- purpose programs should be integrated into primary health care activities as quickly and smoothly as possible.11 In Nigeria, there are referrals but the problem the patients (either rich or poor, over 60 of age or not) faces is that they must pay pa rt of their hospital bill before any treatment can be commence. In United Kingdom most of the treatment the NHS pays the bills. Co-ordination of services: there is no co-ordination of services because of the way things are in Nigeria there is no accountability of the patients medical history. Patient can decide to move from one doctor to another without any referral. The system is not like in United Kingdom where the technology is computerized that you can pull out people medical records anywhere. Equity: in Nigeria there is no equity. This is country full of corruption even in the hospital. For instance Jane to the hospital around 8.00am, then John and Amy went around 8.30am and 9.00am. Because they are related to the staff in that particular hospital they will see the doctor before Jane. In United Kingdom people wait for their turn unless is on emergency bases. How could quality of care issues be made better in Nigeria over the next 10 years? Quality of care issues can be made better by monitoring and evaluation of the health care system, with minimum categories of indicators as follows: Health policy: proper distribution of health resources, financial, manpower, physical facilities to reflect the degree of equity by geography and by urban/rural ratios; government should devise appropriate mechanisms for supporting and involving the communities in the planning and implementation of health services; an organizational framework for managerial process. Health status: proper documentation of patients health status for instance nutritional status as indicated by weight of babies, weight and height measurement of infants and children in relation to age. Socio-economical indicators related to health and living standard: such as sanitation, housing condition, work condition, food availability, and adult literacy. Provision and utilization of health care indicators: immunization this includes the percentage of children at risk who are fully immunized against the major childhood diseases; the incidence of the six diseases in children under 5 years of age and the mortality rate due to the six disease in children under 5years of age. Prevention and control of epidemic diseases indicators shall specify disease specific incidence and prevalence rate. Adequate provision of the essential drugs. The coverage by referral system indicators shall state the proportion of population in a given with access to the within 5 kilometres or 1 hour travel time, the proportion of the referred cases who made use of the services and availability of referral services. Promotion of health in school. Recommendations for the development of primary health care: The national health policy: the aims are to achieve health for all Nigerians based on the national philosophy of social justice and equity. Therefore, a health system based on primary health care is adopted as the means of achieving the goal. Since health development contributes to and results from socio-economic development, the sectors should mutually be supportive and together contribute to the ultimate goals of the nation. All the governments of the federation should review their financial allocation to health in relation to the requirements of other sectors of the economy. High priority programmes for primary health care should have the first consideration on any additional resources that may be available More staff should be trained and an increase in wages for those who will agree to serve in the areas Facilitation of monitoring and evaluation data collection system within the nation. In conclusion: Primary health care in Nigeria have evolved through a series of historical developments. Though, it is the backbone of Nigeria health system but has been judged to be unsatisfactory and inadequate in meeting the needs and demand of the public as reflected by the low state of health of the population. The population should abide by principles primary health care based on equity and justice. However, if the services are available accessible as well as acceptable to and affordable by every individual, community and the nation; if the masses concentrate on solving those health problems that take the greater toll of life.

Goup Decision Making Essay -- Managing Management Business Essays

Group Decision Making Let?s define what is Group Decision Making, decisions made by committees, think tanks, teams and groups. They may include borrowers, lenders, producers, buyers, scientists and other experts, environmentalists, and real estate developers and so on. Decision making skills is one of the most important aspects of management. It involves personal and interpersonal skills, fact finding, logical thinking, creativity, analytical ability, sensitivity to others and assertiveness What are the key steps in making a decision? Whether decisions are straightforward or complex, a systematic approach will lead to success. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Setting objectives An objective is a specific step, a milestone, which enables you to accomplish a goal. Setting objectives involves a continuous process of research and decision-making. Knowledge of yourself and your unit is a vital starting point in setting objectives. Strategic planning takes place at the highest levels; other managers are involved with operational planning. The first step in operational planning is defining objectives - the result expected by the end of the budget (or other designated) cycle. Setting right objectives is critical for effective performance management. Such objectives as higher profits, shareholder value, and customer satisfaction may be admirable, but they don't tell managers what to do. They fail to specify priorities and focus. Such objectives don't map the journey ahead - the discovery of better value and solutions for the customer. The objectives must be focused on a result, not an activity, be consistent, be specific, be measurable, be related to time, be attain able. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Collecting information There are several ways to gather information. You can collect information from people, documents, performance data, and observation of events. Also, there are a number of methods for gathering information, including traditional measurement approaches such as tests and ratings, as well as more investigative procedures such as observation, interviews, case studies, and literature review. Each of the chapters in this handbook contains key criteria for the development and use of an effective technology infrastructure. If you employ these criteria as a guide, the first part of your evaluation will really be an audit in the sense that you will be looking retrospectively at the work ... ...sunderstood and sometimes resentful. Second, the minority members often feel that the voting has created two camps within the group and that these camps are now in a win-lose competition: The minority feels that their camp lost the first round, but that it is just a matter of time until it can regroup, pick up some support and win the next time a vote comes up. In other words, voting creates coalitions, and the preoccupation of the losing coalition is not how to implement what the majority wants, but how to win the next battle. If voting is to be used, the group must be sure that it has created a climate in which members feel they have had their day in court--and where all members feel obligated to go along with the majority decision. Summary Complicated issues often require the creation of a complex group and cooperation of the group's members to resolve the issues. In order to achieve consensus between members, the group should employ a facilitator and apply rules and guidelines of behavior. The chances that a diverse group can attain the goal of consensus are greatly increased when the group follows an established set of rules with the assistance of a facilitator.

Creation community and vocation

The second theme stresses the importance for community ithin our world. Jesus was a relational person creating intimate friendships with all people. Therefore, we are to imitate His act and be interactive with humanity. Being relational includes discipleship, brotherhood, love, and reconciliation. The final theme–vocation discusses the difference between career and calling. When we are patient, seek Him first, and listen for his quiet voice, He will reveal our true calling.Although the three themes have distinct characteristics and differences from one another all three intersect and are important in the Christian life. When we lose our ense of purpose and meaning, we lose our sense of connection to others and God; we lose our sense of community. Without a sense of purpose we forget that we are created in His image and other people mean little to us because we no longer value ourselves. The image of God is in all creation. We see his reflection in kind and gentle humans and we marvel at the beauty of a summers' sunset.His reflection is found in every living thing and in the God-created beauty of nature. Man is the most unique among all of God's creation because we have a material body and a soul. â€Å"Then God aid, let us make man in our image, after our likeness† (Genesis 1:26, ESV). Having the â€Å"likeness of God† means that we were made to resemble God. Man is free to make decisions and reason-this is a reflection of God's intellect and freedom. â€Å"Not only are we created as trustees of God to experience the goodness of creation, we are created to be in community with all creation† (Birch).Since God has given us a responsibility over â€Å"the fish of the see and the birds of the air†¦ over all the earth† (Leviticus 25: 23-24, NIV), we are to fulfill this responsibility by taking care of these things. Creation relates to community in the fact that man was created for fellowship. This reflects God's nature and His love. In Eden, Adam's primary relationship was with God, but He made the first woman because â€Å"it is not good for the man to be alone† (Genesis 2:18, ESV). â€Å"Relationality is a part of the image of God.If we are free and responsible persons, and everyone else is similarly free and reasonable, we are inseparably linked to one another through our choices† Oacobsen ; Sawatsky). Creation relates to our calling as well in this way, â€Å"Our special status as bearers of God's image brings special responsibilities. In particular, we are called to use our gifts and talents in the service of God, in helping others, and in caring for the natural world† Oacobsen ; Sawatsky Man has been created as a relational people.This sense of community can be seen in many aspects of our lives such as the church, our families, our friends, and many other places. While Jesus was on this Earth, He made numerous connections with people through stories, sharing, and demonstrating acts of love. We are to follow in His footsteps. Not only are we supposed to reach out to others, but we are also supposed to reconcile with them. Reconciliation is key to having a relationship with someone, and sustaining it. Reconciliation can happen, because as Christians, we understand that God reconciled with us by sending Jesus Christ to save the world.Community is the perfect means to demonstrate how God has loved us. We can't practice authentic Christianity without Christian fellowship because love is at the very root of God's character. â€Å"God is love. Whoever lives in love, lives in God, and God in him† (1 John 4:16, NIV). The church is the central place within Christian community. It is important to walk with other believers who can build us up, call us out, and who ill love us no matter what. We find strength in numbers and it makes our walk with God easier when we have people supporting us.A Christian community is necessary to help us recharge, be renewed, and be refreshed. â€Å"Let us not give up meeting together as some are in the habit of doing, but let us encourage one another† (Hebrews 10:25, NIV). Community and vocation are connected to one another in the sense that it is important for us to be a part of our local and nonlocal communities. We are called to be the hands and feet of God and He uses us to reach out to people we are in contact ith. We need to be attending to the needs of our communities and actively loving our neighbors by using out gifts, talents, and strengths.With what ever our calling may be, God insists that we use our abilities to encourage, strengthen, aid, and educate others because that is what Jesus did here on Earth. As Christians, we become whole persons through healthy relationships with God and others. This means that â€Å"we feel the need to encourage and support families, churches, and local communities, and the larger civil society so that these various social places can emain places where he althy relationships are able develop and where human dignity is protected† Oacobsen ; Sawatsky).Community and creation are connected to one another in the sense that God created an interrelated creation. â€Å"Not only are we created as trustees of God to experience the goodness of creation, we are created to be in community with all creation† (Birch). This is the only way we will be able to experience the wholeness God has intended for us. Each part of God's creation finds its fulfillment in interrelatedness with all. â€Å"The place God calls man to is the place where his or her deep gladness and the orld's deep hunger meet.The kind of work God usually calls man to is the kind of work that man need most to do, and also the work that the world most needs to have done† (Buechner). Calling and career are two separate things, but ultimately go hand- in-hand. Knowing the difference is an essential part of finding where God wants us to be. â€Å"A career is a partic ular line of work one does to earn an income. A calling is a specific vision of how God wants to use our time, energy, and abilities to serve Him in the world† (Sittser). As a Christian, we are to seek His kingdom first in our lives, but a alling often uses a career.Our calling should be bigger than Just a career. Many people think that finding a calling only applies to the Christian world , but everyone can contribute to the common good. Discovering God's will for our lives is not something that happens overnight. Often it is very hard to truly hear what He is saying to us. God can speak directly to us, but He often is heard through other the people, church, nature-even art and music. It is obvious that prayer is essential to the Christian life. It is especially important in discovering our calling. â€Å"Prayer is listening.It is attentiveness, being in the presence of God, waiting expectantly for God to speak to our hearts† Oacobsen & Sawatsky). Waiting involves pati ence, which is often hard to achieve. Being able to understand that God will always show us where He wants us will help us get through that waiting period. God gave man the responsibility to be caregivers over the earth; this arises from being created in the image of God. God entrusted His own function as Creator to man along with abilities required to do so. This includes exploring, discovering, understanding, developing, and using creation to honor the Creator.Work is not incidental to man's being, but an essential part of his purpose of being on the earth. Community is also an essential part of using our vocation to honor Him. God wants us to meet our own needs and the needs of our own family and our own friends, but he also calls us to provide for the needs of others. â€Å"Carry each others burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ† (Galatians 6:2, NIV). Whatever our career may be, within the work place we need to be aware of those who are around us. Cr eation, community, and vocation are three important aspects of the Christian ife.As has been shown throughout the previous paragraphs, each of these themes can be looked at separately, but they are often seen in connection with one another. Throughout the course, this connection wasn't specifically addressed, but reflecting back on the three themes, I am now able to intersect creation, community, and vocation. As people, we were created in the image of God; therefore He has provided us with skills, abilities, and strengths also achieved through experiences and our careers†to make a difference in our surrounding communities and throughout the world. References

Alice Walker Essay

This story is distinctive, however, in that Walker stresses not only the importance of language but also the destructive effects of its misuse. Clearly, Dee privileges language over silence, as she demonstrates in her determination to be educated and in the importance she places on her name. Rather than providing a medium for newfound awareness and for community, however, verbal skill equips Dee to oppress and manipulate others and to isolate herself; when she lived at home, she read to her sister and mother â€Å"without pity; forcing words, lies, other folks’ habits, whole lives upon us, sitting trapped and ignorant underneath her voice.† Mama recalls that Dee â€Å"washed us in a river of make-believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn’t necessarily need to know. Pressed us to her with the serious way she read, to shove us away at just the moment, like dimwits, we seemed about to understand† (50). Dee uses words to wash, burn, press, and shove. We are told that the â€Å"nervous girls† and â€Å"furtive boys† whom she regarded as her friends â€Å"worshiped the well-turned phrase† and her â€Å"scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye† (51). It is not surprising, then, that Mama, mistrustful of language, expresses herself in the climactic scene of the story not through words but through deeds: she hugs Maggie to her, drags her in the room where Dee sits holding the quilts, snatches the quilts from Dee, and dumps them into Maggie’s lap. Only as an afterthought does she speak at all, telling Dee to â€Å"take one or two of the others.† Mama’s actions, not her words, silence the daughter who has, up to this point, used language to control others and separate herself from the community: Mama tells us that Dee turns and leaves the room â€Å"without a word† (59). In much of Walker’s work, a character’s dawning sense of self is represented not only by the acquisition of an individual voice but also through integration into a community. Mama’s new appreciation of Maggie is significant because it represents the establishment of a sisterhood between mother and daughter. Just before taking the quilts out of Dee’s hands, Mama tells us, â€Å"I did something I never had done before† (58). The â€Å"something† to which she refers is essentially two actions: Mama embraces Maggie and says â€Å"no† to Dee for the first time. Since we are told that she held Maggie when she was burned in the fire, and since Mama’s personality suggests that she would most likely hug her daughter often, she is of course referring not merely to the literal hug but to the first spiritual embrace, representing her decision no  longer to judge her younger daughter by the shallow standards Dee embodies–criteria that Mama has been using to measure both Maggie and herself up until the climax of the story. When Mama acts on Maggie’s behalf, she is responding to the largely nonverbal message that her younger daughter has been sending for some time, but which Mama herself has been unable fully to accept. Now Maggie and Mama are allied in their rejection of Dee’s attempts to devalue their lifestyle, and their new sense of community enables Maggie to smile â€Å"a real smile, not scared.† Significantly, the story ends with the two of them sitting in silence, â€Å"just enjoying, until it was time to go in the house and go to bed† (59). Ultimately, however. Mama has the last word: it is she, after all, who tells the story. Yet her control over the text is won gradually. Walker employs an unusual narrative structure to parallel Mama’s development as she strengthens her voice and moves toward community with Maggie. Rather than reporting the entire event in retrospect, Mama relates the first half of the story as it occurs, using present and future tenses up u ntil the moment Dee announces her new name. The commentary that Mama makes about herself and Maggie in the first portion of the story is therefore made before the awakening that she undergoes during the quilt episode–before she is able to reject completely Dee’s desire that she and Maggie be something that they are not. Prior to the encounter with Dee over the quilts, although Mama at times speaks sarcastically about Dee’s selfish attitude, she nonetheless dreams repeatedly of appearing on a television program â€Å"the way my daughter would want me to be: a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked barley pancake,† wielding a â€Å"quick and witty tongue† (48). Mama’s distaste for Dee’s egotism is tempered by her desire to be respected by her daughter. In part, then, Mama has come to define herself in terms of her failure to meet the standards of what Lindsey Tucker calls a â€Å"basically white middle-class identity† (88)–the white-male-dominated system po rtrayed in the television show. When Mama holds up her own strengths next to those valued by Dee and the white Johnny Carson society, she sees herself as one poised always in a position of fear, â€Å"with one foot raised in flight† (49).

Borrowings Words Research Paper Essay

Introduction The theme of the research paper is â€Å"English borrowings†. This theme arouses my interest as it’s widely discussed in all scientific circles. New languages are born, some die out, and lots of them mix up with each other. These facts have a great influence on the humanity. Nowadays the language that influences Russian the most is English. English has become an international language and is used all over the world. More and more people, both youth and grown ups, use this words in their speech. These words are used in all sorts of activities: politics, fashion, trade, medicine, law, military, mass media, sports. The aim of my research paper is to investigate the borrowed words in different spheres of life and their usage in modern Russian language. The tasks of the research paper: * to give general information about the borrowed words; * to investigate the process and the way of borrowings; * to determine the importance of the borrowed words. The subject of my research paper is borrowings. Methods of investigation are: * the method of observation; * questionnaires; * magazine and TV programme analyzing; * interviewing. Practical significance of the results of investigation consists in the fact they can be used in teaching English for Belarusian and Russian students. We all agree that a language is the most important part of human communication. The main element of every language is speech. It consists of words and word combinations. Lots of words in Russian are borrowed from other languages. The knowledge of these words is essential as we meet them every day and everywhere. These words are usually not specific but are known to the most part of native speakers. Borrowings – are words and word combinations, adopted from one language to another according to its phonetic and grammatical rules. Borrowing – 1) (process) resorting to the word-stock of other languages for words to express new concepts, to further differentiate the existing concepts and to name new objects, etc.; 2) (result) a loan word, borrowed word – a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic sh ape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language. The number of borrowings is different in each language. There are languages full of loan-words, such as Korean: it includes about 2/3 of Chinese lexical units. Others have a little number of loan-words: such as Russian, French and German. Nevertheless, there are languages – Czech, Chinese and Hungarian – which make an effort in order to avoid the input of foreign words and try to make up new words and expressions for a new concept by their own lexical units. But there is no language without any borrowings because nations can’t be separated from each other and communication – cultural, scientific and trade – can’t be synthetically stopped. There are different types of borrowings. In the most cases the necessity of adopting some word appears with the penetration of corresponding item or acquiring new notion. In this way the word â€Å"Ã' Ã ¿Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ¢â‚¬  – â€Å"spoutnik† in French and â€Å"sputnik† in English was borrowed by many languages from Russian after the launch of the first Soviet artificial sputnik of the Earth. The flow of borrowing foreign words into Russian language had especially increased in 90-s. It is connected with the inflexions in such spheres as politics, economy, culture and new concepts of morality. The extraordinary expansion of foreign lexica had been observed in this period. I Reasons for borrowings From the ancient times Belarusian nation came into cultural, trade, military and political relations with other states that certainly lead to the language borrowings. Within the process of usage the majority of them were exposed by the borrowing language influence. Step by step loan-words, assimilated (from Lat. â€Å"assimilare† – Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã ²Ã °Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã ±Ã »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å') in borrowing language, had formed the layer of widespread words and by this time weren’t perceived as foreign anymore. In different epoch words from other languages penetrated into original Russian vocabulary. The borrowed words appeared mostly in such spheres as mass-media, advertising and IT, because they present the most update phenomena of our modern lifestyle. It became fashionable for nowadays to use borrowings which came from English into Russian. It is conditioned by the tendency of American society idealisation, where the social life level is very high. Also we can’t deny the speed of technical progress in English speaking countries. It is obvious that they have a great potential in almost every sphere of modern society. That’s why we need to borrow words in order to name new concepts. Day after day people rig their houses with the most modern and high-technological equipment. So in order to use such â€Å"house-helpers† people had to study the technological information including the appropriate terminology. So that such words as â€Å"Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã µÃ ²Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¾Ã'€â€ , â€Å"Ð ¼Ã ¸Ã ºÃ' Ã µÃ'€â€  and many others came into our lives. The most demonstrative example is the word â€Å"Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€â€ . Not so long ago this notion acquired the status of everyday usage word with the process of total computerization. We can hear this term almost everywhere and even from a little child. Almost in every newspaper we can see advertisements with such a text: â€Å"Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'  Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚ Ã' Ã ¾ Ð ·Ã ½Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µÃ ¼ ПК†; and everyone understands that it means the knowledge of various computer programmes. The other reason and may be the most important is that English language nowadays serves as the language of international communication. May be we should wait a little and â€Å"Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ´Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ½ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð º Ã' Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð µÃ'‚Ã' Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  as Sergey Yesenin wrote in his poem. Many Russian scientists are very troubled with the tendency of English and American words penetration into Russian language. There are a lot of examples in the history when one language gradually absorbed the other one. But as for me I think that Russian language is very rich and it has a great potential to get rid of everything superfluous or unnecessary and it is one of the richest language of the world while including a layer of loan-words in its vocabulary. But in addition to the classical borrowings, which serve to identify new notions, there is a new tendency in Russian language – borrowing the words from English language, which alre ady exist and are used in everyday life. For example, it is very fashionable to say â€Å"Ã'…Ð °Ã ¸Ã'€â€  from English â€Å"hair† which means â€Å"Ð ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‹ Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ °Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"Ã'„Ã' Ã ¹Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  from English â€Å"face† instead Russian â€Å"Ð »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¾Ã¢â‚¬ . It is clear that we can’t use such borrowings in the scientific speech or in literary works. Here we can talk about the process of stylistic distinction of the loan-words. Everything is changeable and language especially. The reason is that the language is the most sensitive phenomenon to the changes in the surrounding world: economics, politics and technological progress with its inventions. Only language can express our feelings, actions, thoughts and relations among people, events that occur with us. II Spheres of borrowings The joining of borrowings into Russian language increased especially in 90 years of XX century. The tendency of expansion foreign words could be observed in almost every sphere of life. It occupied the leading position in political sphere of the country getting accustomed with new concepts: president, inauguration, speaker, impeachment, electorate and others. Such words began to form the layer of new social and political vocabulary. At last time, the main source of linguistic stuff became contemporary mass media. While reading newspapers or watching TV every person is confronted with a great number of borrowed words. In this way, new concepts come into our life. The speed of foreign words’ penetration became faster within the development of mass media. It is necessary to stand for spheres of borrowing of English words such as: information technologies, a policy, the international relations and cooperation, business sphere, cultural interaction of the countries and the people, sports. The process of adoption of new words is determined by nations’ contacts which generate a necessity of new concepts and ideas nomination. Such words are usually the results of some nation’s innovation in any sphere of science or technics. They may also appear as a consecutive result of snobbery, fashion. Nevertheless, there are essential linguistic reasons: for instance, the necessity to express polysemantic Russian words by means of foreign word or to widen the expressive means of a language, etc. III Classification of borrowings Linguistic borrowing are words (morpheme or syntactic construction) and set expressions, moved from one language to another. The beginning of English borrowings in Russian language refers to the beginning of XVII century. Later by the middle of XIX century loan-words entered Russian to become its essential part. The word-stock of international vocabulary was being arisen. 1. Loan-word can be a synonym to the original one: For example: Ð ¤Ã °Ã ¹Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€ – Ð ±Ã ¾Ã µÃ'†; ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ³ – Ð ½Ã °Ã ±Ã »Ã'ŽÐ ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; КÐ ¸Ã »Ã »Ã µÃ'€ – Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã'†Ð °; ПÐ ¸Ã °Ã'€ – Ã' Ã ²Ã' Ã ·Ã ¸ Ã'  Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'‰Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã'Ž; КÐ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚ – Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€; etc. 2. Loan-word can replace the Russian word: For example: Ð ¡Ã µÃ ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ´-Ã'…Ã' Ã ½Ã ´ – Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã' Ã' Ã ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¼Ã °Ã ³Ã °Ã ·Ã ¸Ã ½; КÐ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€ – Ð ­Ãâ€™ÃÅ"; Ð ¨Ã ¾Ã'Æ' – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; etc. 3. Loan-word that has no equivalent in Russian language, new notions borrowed from another culture with the respective unit or concept: For example: Ð ¡Ã ¿Ã'€Ã' Ã ¹; ИÐ ½Ã ²Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€; Ð’Ð ¸Ã'€Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹; ЛÃ' Ã ¿Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¿; ДÐ °Ã ¹Ã ´Ã ¶Ã µÃ' Ã'‚; etc. In some cases the application of foreign words is not appropriate, in others – it is necessary, as these words make up an essential part of lexis, fixed over the definite style. Types of borrowings It is possible to distinguish the following groups of loan-words: 1. Direct borrowings. The words are met in Russian in the same form and in the same meaning as in the initial language. They are: â€Å"Ã'Æ'Ð ¸Ã º-Ã' Ã ½Ã ´Ã¢â‚¬  – weekend, leisure time; â€Å"Ð ±Ã »Ã' Ã ºÃ¢â‚¬  – black(man) or Afro-American; â€Å"Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã¢â‚¬  – money or cash. 2. Hybrids. These words were formed by addition of Russian suffixes, prefixes and endings to the foreign root. In this way the meaning of the word often changes. For example: â€Å"Ð ±Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å'† (busy – Ð ±Ã µÃ' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹, Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚Ð »Ã ¸Ã ²Ã'‹Ð ¹), â€Å"Ð ·Ã °Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å'†, â€Å"Ð »Ã °Ã ¹Ã ºÃ ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å'†, â€Å"Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å'† and others. 3. Calques. Word of foreign origin using with the preservation of its phonetic and graphic shape. They are: â€Å"Ð ºÃ ¾Ã  ´Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ºÃ »Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ´Ã ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ³Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ±Ã °Ã ºÃ' Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ´Ã ¸-Ð ´Ã ¶Ã µÃ ¹Ã¢â‚¬  etc. 4. Half-calques. Words which after being grammatically assimilated were put under the grammatical rules of Russian language (suffixation). For example: â€Å"Ð ´Ã'€Ð °Ã ¹Ã ²Ã¢â‚¬  – â€Å"Ð ´Ã'€Ð °Ã ¹Ã ²Ã °Ã¢â‚¬  (drive) â€Å"Ð ´Ã °Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð ½Ã µ Ð ±Ã'‹Ð »Ã ¾ Ã'‚Ð °Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ´Ã'€Ð °Ã ¹Ã ²Ã °Ã¢â‚¬  – Ð ² Ð ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ½Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °, Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ã'€Ð °Ã ¶. 5. Exotisms. Such words are characterized by specific national customs or manners of foreign nations and are used to show the atypical for Russian reality notions. The distinctive feature of them is that they have no equivalent or synonyms in Russian. For example: â€Å"Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ¿Ã' Ã'‹â€  (chips), â€Å"Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚-Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã¢â‚¬  (hot-dog), â€Å"Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ±Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ³Ã µÃ'€â€  (cheeseburger). 6. Foreign lingual spots. Such words usually have lexical equivalents, but they stylistically differ from these equivalents and are used in the sphere of communication as expressive means to add a peculiar emotiveness to the speech. For example: â€Å"Ð ¾Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã ºÃ µÃ ¹Ã¢â‚¬  – OK; â€Å"Ð ²Ã °Ã'Æ'† – Wow. 7. Composites. Words which were made by means of two or more English lexical units. For example: â€Å"Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ¾-Ã' Ã °Ã »Ã ¾Ã ½Ã¢â‚¬  –a special apartment for watching movies, â€Å"Ã' Ã µÃ ºÃ ¾ Ð ½Ã ´-Ã'…Ã' Ã ½Ã ´Ã¢â‚¬  – a shop that sells the goods which have already been used, â€Å"Ð »Ã °Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã ¶-Ð ±Ã °Ã'€â€  – a comfortable cocktail bar. 8. Jargonisms. These are words appeared in consequence of some sounds distortion. For example: â€Å"Ð ¼Ã'‹Ð »Ã ¾Ã¢â‚¬  – e-mail, â€Å"Ð ºÃ'€Ð µÃ ·Ã °Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'‹Ð ¹, Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ·Ã °Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'‹Ð ¹Ã¢â‚¬  – crazy. If to speak about the time period there are two major types of borrowings. The first type is presented by old borrowings which were actualized during last years with respect to the political and economical systems modification. The second type includes the number of loan-words which were made directly during last years. IV Research part Nowadays the language that influences Russian the most is English. It is unsurprisingly because English has become an international language and is used all over the world. With the help of the Internet and the mass media the number of English slang words are increasing. More and more people, both youth and grown-ups, use these words in their speech. These words are used in all sorts of activities: politics, fashion, trade, medicine, law, military, mass media, sports. I have analyzed: 1. some TV programs; 2. some newspapers, magazines; 3. the names of the shops in Novogrudok and Minsk; to find out how deeply English borrowings have come into Russian. PART 1 English borrowings on TV The biggest part of borrowings comes from: * the names of some channels; * new kinds of programs invented in the USA and the UK; * new types of films; * sports programs; * music programs. The titles of some channels contain English letters or words. For example: EuroSport, National Geographic channel, Discovery Channel, Animal planet, Viasat History, Europe Plus, Kino club, EuroNews. A big part of entertaining programs were invented in the USA. That’s why the names of some types of programs are English. We can name capital show, talk show, reality show, paranormal show. Modern types of some films have come also from the US, because the motion picture arts were born there. It is a thriller, a detective, a western, a soap-opera, a love story, a sitcom, a fantasy, an action film. So many English words have entered the Russian speech from TV. A lot of English borrowings dedicated to different kinds of sports have come into Russian language. It is possible to explain it because many sports were originated in England. I will give for example channel TNT where some names of programs are English borrowings and it is brightly expressed. From TNT we know: Comedy club, Comedy woman, Cosmopolitan video version, Interns, Nasha Russia. In appendix I quoted words, that more often than others we can hear on TV. Youth commercial music and popular-entertaining channels are in the lead. So I can say that English words influence on teenagers and their speech is full of English words. PART 2 English borrowings in newspapers and magazines Lots of people read magazines and newspapers every day. And I have tried to indicate the most used magazines and have noticed that many of them have English names. In the Internet I have found information about the quantity of all the magazines and magazines with English names. I looked through all the magazines and chose only those which contained English names. In the Internet I have found information about the quantity of journals and magazines with English names of Belarusian publishing houses. I looked through all the magazines and chose only those which contained the English names. Even the articles in these journals contained different amounts of borrowings, all depended on the topic of the article and the magazine. â€Å"Cosmopolitan† is very popular with young people. Such Belarusian newspapers and magazines â€Å"Belarus Today†, â€Å"Pressbol†, â€Å"Personal computer†, â€Å"Press hit†, the magazine â€Å"Minsk review†, the magazi ne â€Å"Planet† are popular with people. PART 3 English borrowings in the names of the shops and some goods Borrowings have always come to the language through a variety of goods trade. And today, new products bring its contribution to linguistic borrowing. There are a lot of sources of borrowings. Among them I can name: * names of the stores; * names of cafes and restaurants; * product names; * household appliances. Every day people go shopping and find English words everywhere. Firstly, I would like to highlight the names of the stores in our town and our capital – Minsk, in the title of which there are some English words and letters: Axis, Respect (shoe stores), Berghouse, Tom Tailor, Delta sport, Sportmaster, Belmarket, Massive, Preston-market, Globo, Coolman, Maximus, Prostore and others. Every day people go shopping to buy different goods and the names of these items, written by a bright bold are well-remembered by consumers. We buy food every day and see the words Coca-Cola, Sprite, Bubble Gum, Chupa-chups, Ice-tea, Sandwich, Cracker, Alpine gold, Chips, Ð ¤Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'‚ Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¹Ã ¼, Nuts, Snickers, Picnic, Mars, Bounty, Red Bull, beefsteak, grapefruit, Juice, Juicy fruit and others. We use different cleaning products, washing powders. The names of these products are also easily included in our language. Some words related to personal hygiene is also borrowed from the En glish language: Colgate, Fairy, Tide, Blend-a-med, Ariel, Mister Muskul, Clean, Vanish, Dove, Head and Shoulders, Cleaning, Mather care, and others. Food for pets also brings its contribution to the borrowing of words: Pedigree, Whiskas, Puppy, Parrot, Royal Canine and others. Household appliances and computer equipment have given us Cannon, Flash, Computer, Laptop, Notebook, iPhone, iPod, mp3Player, gadget, Smile, trader, level, IQ, chat, Sticker, names of kinds of music, Game, Player, Media, Mixer, Toaster, the names of many brands have become a part of our speech: Top shops, Top hits etc. Borrowings have come into fashion and become the names of cafes, clubs and restaurants: â€Å"Beatles†, â€Å"Blackberry†, â€Å"REST†, â€Å"Aero Cafe†, â€Å"Double Coffee†, â€Å"Chill Out†, â€Å"Quarter City†, â€Å"Birhause†, â€Å"Europe†, â€Å"Overtime†, â€Å"Madison Royal Club†, â€Å"West World Club†, â€Å"Next Club† and others. PART 4 The questionnaire We have asked the pupils of our school some questions on the topic English borrowings: 1. How often do you use English words in your speech (except English lessons)? 1. often 2. sometimes 3. do not use 2. Is it possible to speak without English borrowings? 1. yes 2. no 3. it’s difficult to answer 3. Does Russian need English borrowings? 1. yes 2. no 3. it’s difficult to answer Results of the questionnaire are presented in the appendix. Conclusion During the study of intercultural communication of Russian and English languages it became clear that the process of new words’ borrowing occur intensively enough. So the history of the country has a great influence upon the history of the language. All events in the history such as: wars, revolutions, trade, economical and political contacts, new inventions and many others always have a definite reflection in the lexical system of a language. As for nowadays a great interest of linguists is concentrated upon the Russian–English lingual communication. Increase of informational flow, appearance of Internet, expansion of international relationships, development of world trade, economy, informational technologies, participation in various international competitions, fashion shows and other things are the reasons that caused the new words entering into Russian lexis. The openness of our society leads us to a considerable enlargement of mental outlook and range of interests, and to the improvement of foreign languages knowledge. The number of new concepts and phenomena Russian in origin is very limited. That’s why the adoption of already existing nomination with the respective notion and item is considered to be the most prestigious and effective way of enlarging the vocabulary. We have seen that Russian language is not as systematic as English, or any other European languages, it is a still changing and flexible system. According to this research we can see that modern Russian language can be hardly imagined without English words. The main sources of English borrowings are: Mass media, TV, magazines and Stores. In this course project I have made the classification of loan-words which includes: direct borrowings, hybrids, calques, half-calques, exotisms, foreign lingual spots, composites and jargonisms. Besides there are some other classifications: according to the system-defined relations and according to the time period of borrowing the word. Time will show us if these borrowings can change, enrich or deteriorate the image of Russian language. Time will define the future destiny of each loan-word which is to be finally adopted or rejected by linguistic flavor of the epoch. Russian language has a long history of adopting words dictated by the necessity to perceive useful information in the form of new words drawing on international experience. However, national originality of Russian language did not suffer at all from the penetration of foreign words into it, as the process of borrowing is quite natural way of any language enrichment. Russian language preserved its self-dependency and just got rich by means of borrowed words. So on channels Sport and Belarus 2 we often hear such words as: Football/Match/Football boots, Surfing/Windsurfing, Bodybuilding, Power lifting, Basketball, Snowboard, Free ride, Backcountry, Kickboxing/Mix fight. There are a lot of other kinds of sport: volleyball, tennis, auto sport, motorsport, baseball, skateboarding, Aerobic, Gymnastic, Break dance, arm sport, badminton, bobsleigh, bowling, darts, golf, curling, paintball, Rafting, squash, hockey, cheerleading and so on. There are uncountable quantity of English words that we hear on TV. I want to repeat just few of them which I often hear: TV, show, teenager, model, musical, show business, celebrity, style, fashion, trend, top, super, weekend, test-drive, up-grade, jazz, hip-hop, rap, pop, rock-and-roll, cover, PR-manager, image-maker, battle, freestyle, casting, comment, Hollywood, designer, track, boyfriend, price-list, exclusive. Some of the Belarus periodicals: AutoNews.by. Automobile news. www.autonews.by The Internet newspaper â€Å"BSB NEWS† Economic reviews, exchange rates, news, comments, bank services, events, reportings, author’s materials. www.news.bsb.by The newspaper â€Å"Autodigest† Automobile weekly journal www. ADT.by The newspaper â€Å"Belarus Today† The electronic version of the newspaper. www.belarustoday.by The newspaper â€Å"Pressbol† News of the Belarus sports, interview, comments, statistics. www. PBby The newspaper â€Å"Personal computer† The news Internet, iron reviews, useful programs, councils skilled, humour and still is a lot of interesting. www. PK.by The newspaper â€Å"Press hit† Weekly the most interesting and actual articles from more than 100 newspapers of the world. www.presshit.by.ru Magazine  «MINSK REVIEW » Reference magazine Magazine â€Å"Business† Monthly business magazine. To PART 4: Results of the questionnaire. List of literature: 1. БÃ'€Ð µÃ ¹Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€ ÐÅ". Ð .  «Ã Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼Ã'‹ Ð ² Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð ºÃ µ: Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã'‹Â », Ð’Ð »Ã °Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã º: Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾  «Ãâ€Ã ¸Ã °Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã‚ », 1995. 2. ГÃ'Æ'Ã'€Ã'Å'Ð µÃ ²Ã ° Ð ¢.Ð . Ð ¡Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ã'Å' Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ². – ÐÅ": ООО Â «ÃÅ"Ð ¸Ã'€ Ð ºÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ³Ã ¸Ã‚ », 2003. 3. ДÃ'Å'Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ² Ð . И.  «ÃÅ¸Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'‹ Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ ½Ã' Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ·Ã °Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã ² Ð ² Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼ Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð ºÃ µÃ‚ », Ð Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¸Ã'€Ã' Ã º, Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾  «Ã ¯Ã ·Ã'‹Ð º Ð ¸ Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð °Ã‚ », 2003. 4. Ðâ€"Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ² Ð .Ð ¤. ИÐ ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ·Ã °Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ² Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ¸Ã ¸ (Ã'„Ð ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °, Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã'€Ã'„Ð ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¸Ã' , Ð »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °) // ГÐ ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ¸Ã µ. ÐÅ"., 1984 5. КÐ ¾Ã ¶Ã µÃ ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ° Ð’. П., Ð Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã °Ã µÃ ²Ã ° П. Ð .  «Ãâ€ºÃ ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ºÃ »Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ã'Å' », ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ ²Ã °, Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾  «Ã ¡Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã ºÃ  °Ã'  Ã' Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ºÃ »Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã' Ã‚ », 1987. 6. КÃ'€Ã'‹Ã' Ã ¸Ã ½ Л. П.  «ÃËœÃ ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð ½Ã'‹Ð µ Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ° Ð ² Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¸. Ð  Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð º Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'†Ð ° XX Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã' Ã‚ », ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ ²Ã °, 1996. 7. Ð ­Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ã'Å'  «ABBYY Lingvo 11 » Ã'ˆÐ µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ², 2005. 8. www.belsmi.narod.ru. 9. www.philology.ru 10. www.wikipedia.org 11. yazykoznanie.ru